標題: What is a Chess Problem? (by Peter Wong) [打印本頁] 作者: 誠惶誠恐 時間: 2022-6-24 04:46 PM 標題: What is a Chess Problem? (by Peter Wong)
本帖最後由 誠惶誠恐 於 2022-6-29 07:18 PM 編輯
The notation used in this article:
B = ♗ Bishop
K = ♔ King
Q = ♕ Queen
R = ♖ Rook
S = ♘ Springer in German = Knight in English
(no character) = ♙ Pawn What is a Chess Problem?
by Peter Wong
The best games of chess are considered beautiful. They are admired, and replayed around the world by enthusiasts for that reason, apart from the practical use of studying such games. Yet when we play a game, the only real consideration is how to win it, never mind whether the method of winning is attractive or not. But what if we devise a position specifically to demonstrate a beautiful or artistic chess idea? That, in fact, is what occurs in the composition of a chess problem. When you solve such a problem, its composer’s aesthetic intent is revealed in the play of the solution.
So chess problems – also known as chess compositions – are enjoyed on two levels. On a basic level, they work as challenging puzzles. You are given a position and an accompanying task, such as “White to play and mate in two moves,” that must be fulfilled. On a higher level, problems are creative works designed to show an interesting theme – the composition’s main idea. How exactly are themes artistic? It varies, but important factors include subtlety, elegance, economy, paradox, and unity of play. The latter concept of unity is especially noteworthy; most good problems have multiple variations that are related to each other in some way, to create a harmonious impression.
Chess problems come in a variety of genres, the most common of which is the directmate. In this type, White plays first and forces mate in the specified number of moves, against any black defence. Only one of White’s moves is able to achieve this, and the solver’s goal is to discover this unique first move, called the key. If another move, unintended by the composer, solves the problem too, that alternative move is called a cook, and the problem becomes unsound. Such faulty problems, however, are rarely seen nowadays (especially in directmates) because of the practice of computer-testing, which ensures that cooks are eliminated.
1. Otto Wurzburg American Chess Bulletin 1942, 3rd Hon. Mention
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Mate in 2
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Let’s examine our first sample of a two-mover. Problem 1's stipulation of “Mate in 2” indicates that it’s a directmate and White must mate by the second move. The solution begins with 1.Kc2! – the '!' signifies it's the key-move – after which the threat is 2.Sb3 mate. Black can parry this threat with various defences, but these moves allow White to mate in other ways. For instance, 1…bxc3 2.Bxc3; the two moves here, Black’s defence and White’s correct response, constitute a variation. The main variations of this problem are 1…Bf5+ 2.Se4, 1…R5g2+ 2.S3e2, and 1…R1g2+ 2.S1e2. These three lines represent the thematic play because they share a number of features: Black gives check but also unguards a white piece (rook or bishop) that’s training on the black king, enabling White to answer the check by interposing a knight, and to mate by discovery at the same time. Such a tactic, in which White stops a check by interposition, and gives check as well with the same move, is called a cross-check, and its recurring use is the theme of this problem.
Some conventions apply to key-moves in directmates, and knowing them will assist you when solving this type of problem. The desired feature of subtlety means that keys are very unlikely to be checks. Keys that capture a piece are almost unheard of, for the same reason, though the capture of a pawn is acceptable. In contrast to obviously aggressive first moves that are frown upon, keys that apparently weaken White or strengthen Black are viewed as good in the artistic sense. A perfect illustration is Problem 1, which has an excellent key because it exposes the white king to numerous checks. Though not all directmates are successful in incorporating them, you should keep in mind the possibility of such counter-intuitive first moves.
2. Murray Marble La Stratégie 1908, 1st Prize
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Mate in 2
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Problem 2 provides another example of a first-rate key: 1.Be4!, which sacrifices the bishop to seven black pieces. To deal with the threat of 2.Qxd5, Black must capture the key-piece, and the seven captures all lead to different mates. First, 1…Kxe4 self-pins the d5-pawn and enables a pin-mate, 2.Rc4. The remaining defences involve self-blocks, when Black obstructs the king’s flight on e4, preventing its escape to that square. 1…Qxe4 2.Rc2, 1…Rexe4 2.Rc1, 1…Rfxe4 2.Sf5, 1…Sgxe4 2.Se6, 1…Sfxe4 2.Rhd3, and 1…dxe4 2.Qd8.
Looking at the problems in this article, you may be struck by how the positions (unlike most tactical puzzles) seem far removed from actual games. That only highlights how problem composition is a field distinct from the competitive game. Chess problems are constructed in accordance with their own artistic principles. A particularly important one of such principles is economy of force, which holds that for any given idea shown in a problem, the amount of force used should be minimised, and that every piece must serve to bring about that idea or to ensure soundness. That the resulting problem positions do not resemble game situations is regarded as irrelevant. Nevertheless, another convention of problems links them directly to the game. Problem positions are required to be legal, i.e. they could have arisen from the opening array, however unlikely the players’ moves may have been in reaching these positions.
3. Richard Grewe, Fritz Karge & Hans Voigt Die Schwalbe 1940
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Mate in 2
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When analysing a problem, it's always necessary to consider whether the key creates a threat or sets up a block position. The former is already illustrated in the first two diagrams, which are threat-problems. In block-problems, the key carries no threat but is a waiting move that puts Black in zugzwang. In such a position, every possible move by Black entails some weakness, which becomes exploitable by White because Black is compelled to move. Problem 3 is an example. Its key 1.Qe8! doesn’t threaten an immediate mate, but waits for Black to place the king in a weaker position. The king has four diagonal moves, and all result in different mates – this is the star-flights theme. 1…Kh6 2.Qg6, 1…Kh4 2.Qh5, 1…Kf6 2.Qe7, and 1…Kf4 2.Qe3. Note that the white queen initially controls h6, h4, and f6, so the generous key grants three flight-squares to the black king.
4. Jeremy Morse
(after J. C. J. Wainwright) London Evening News 1960
Mate in 2
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Problem 4 is also solved by a waiting key, 1.Rd1! Now most of Black’s moves simply unguard squares on which the white queen could give mate, and the point of the problem lies in the remarkable number of queen mates delivered. 1…Sxd1 2.Qf1, 1…Sd3 2.Qxd3, 1…a5 2.Qb5, 1…b5 2.Qc5, 1…c2 2.Qxc2, 1…Bf7 2.Qxf7, 1…Be6 2.Qxe6, 1…Bd5 2.Qxd5, 1…Rg4 2.Qxg4, 1…Rf4 2.Qxf4, 1…Re4 2.Qxe4, and 1…Be7/Bf6/Bg5 2.Qc8. These twelve variations with distinct queen mates represent a record for two-move problems. There are some non-thematic variations or by-play: 1…Rd4/Rxh5 2.Rd4 and 1…Bc7 2.Rxh4.
5. Alain White Good Companions 1918, 1st Prize
Version by R. Cabral
Mate in 2
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Problem 5 has rich play that involves pinning and unpinning effects. The white queen has its black counterpart pinned, and the latter in turn pins the white bishop, which could otherwise mate on d4 or g5. The key is 1.Qe7!, threatening 2.Qc5. Every move by the black queen defeats the threat, but also unpins the white bishop, hence 1…Qxe7 2.Bd4 and 1…Qe5 2.Bg5. After 1…Qe4, however, neither bishop mate works because the black queen has cut off the white rook’s control of d4. But this defence permits 2.Rg3, because the pinned queen has also interfered with the black bishop on the long diagonal. Two further thematic variations are 1…d6 2.Qa7 and 1…d5 2.Qa3. In each case the black pawn closes a defensive line of the black queen, which could therefore be unpinned with impunity by the white queen in the mating move.
6. Lev Ilich Loshinski
The Problemist 1930
Mate in 2
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Problem 6 is for you to solve. The thematic play involves black self-interferences as well as the openings of white lines by black pieces.
Solution
Problem 6 solution (To display, hold down your mouse button and select the text below.)
>The key is 1.Qf2!, with the threat of 2.Qxa7. Black has five defences occurring on the same square, d4, where each defender interferes with a line controlled by the h4-rook or the a1-bishop. 1…d4 2.Bc4, 1…Rd4 2.Rh6, 1…Bd4 2.Qxe2, 1…Sed4 2.Qa2, and 1…Sfd4 2.Ra3. All of the black moves, except for 1…Bd4, also open a line that is traversed by the mating piece, an effect that adds to the unity of the variations.<
2001-01-08
(FEN: n2Q4/4pK2/8/1R1N1pp1/3k4/2R5/q7/1B2B3 w - - 0 1)pid=103862 Andrej Ancin, Slovakia
2nd Prize, Praca, 1948
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (***)
2001-01-22
(FEN: q1b1N1B1/p1P3QK/p1k1p3/R5R1/1P6/4B3/8/8 w - - 0 1)pid=nil Srecko Radović, Serbia
1st Prize, Yugoslav Amateurs Championship, 1995
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (***)
2001-01-28
(FEN: 3n1N1Q/8/3p1PP1/2Nk4/Bp4q1/8/1B4p1/K1R1R3 w - - 0 1)pid=nil Dean Miletić, Slovenia
2nd Prize, Yugoslav Amateurs Championship, 1995
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (**)
2001-02-02
(FEN: 8/K1p5/8/R3B3/3Q1p2/4bB2/4R2N/2r3k1 w - - 0 1)pid=21481 Giorgio Guidelli, Italy
1st Prize, Good Companions (April Meredith Tourney), 1919
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (**)
2001-02-04
(FEN: 1B6/8/B7/2K5/4kpP1/1p3b1R/3P2pn/5RnQ w - - 0 1)pid=10168 Imants J. Kisis, Latvia
1st Prize, Problem, 1962
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (**)
2001-02-06
(FEN: 3B4/r2p3b/3N1R1b/2N1k2q/7r/p1K1PB2/6Q1/7n w - - 0 1)pid=18522 Friedrich Valentin Schulz
2nd Prize, Main-Post, 1956
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (**)
2001-02-08
(FEN: 8/8/1K4R1/3pkp2/4p3/1R4N1/B4P2/2B1N3 w - - 0 1)pid=nil Zoran S. Nikolić, Serbia
1st Prize, Yugoslav Amateurs Championship, 1996
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (***)
西洋棋棋題003
(FEN: 1n1B4/5R2/R1p5/6pr/pp4p1/p5p1/P2k4/1K1N1Q2 w - - 0 1)pid=nil TOUW Hian Bwee, Indonesia
1st Prize, Schach-Echo, 1981
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (**)
2001-02-10
(FEN: 1r4bn/P2QB3/p1PP2p1/P1k1P3/R6r/N3P3/1P1N2Bp/7K w - - 0 1) pid=59377 Viktor Ivanovich Chepizhni & Lev Ilich Loshinski
1st Prize, Leipzig Olympic Tourney, 1960
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (**)
Viktor Ivanovich Chepizhni (Виктор Иванович Чепижный * 18.2.1934 in Dnipropetrovsk) Russian composer and Grandmaster.
Lev Ilich Loshinski (Лｅв Ильич ЛοшиＨｃｋий (* 17.1.1913 in Warsaw, † 19.2.1976 in Moskva) Russian composer and Grandmaster.
2000-12-24
(FEN: 8/4Q3/8/8/7K/5p2/5r1k/5R1b w - - 0 1) pid=23450 Vladimir Akimovich Bron, Russia
1st HM., Cuvasijos resp. konkursas, 1955
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (**)
2001-02-14
(FEN: 2RR4/8/B2Npr1p/6nK/1pq1QpNB/1b6/1ppkP3/2br4 w - - 0 1) pid=?/yacpdb#228337 Miroslav Stošić, Yugoslavia
3rd HM, diagrammes, Dec 1973
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (**)
2001-02-14
(FEN: 8/Kn6/R7/1k1P4/1p6/1B6/R7/8 w - - 0 1) pid=?/yacpdb#169106 Miroslav Stošić, Yugoslavia
3rd HM, diagrammes, Dec 1973
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (**)
按下滑鼠左鍵掃出答案：
★1.♖c2! ~ 2.♗a4# B
1...♘a5 2.♖b6#
1...♘c5 2.♗c4#★
作者: 誠惶誠恐 時間: 2024-5-2 12:38 PM
Chess Problem2001-02-18
2001-02-18
(FEN: 4N1r1/2KpPp2/4P1p1/3NkBQn/2P5/Rb4bP/2PR3n/8 w - - 0 1) pid=?/yacpdb#169106 Marjan Kovačević, Serbia
1st Prize, Stosic MT, 1995
White to mate in 2 moves (白先，兩步殺) (**)
