will / shall be + Ving
1. 敘述未來某一點或一段時間的動作
1. I shall be listening to the music at this time tomorrow. 在明天的這個時候我會
正在聽音 樂。
2. I shall be working in the garden when you come. 你來時 我會在庭院裡工作。
3. He will be watching TV all the day tomorrow. 他明天將會看整天的電視。
Present Perfect Tense 現在完成式
have / has + p.p
1. S have/has p.p
表起於過去某時,經過一段時間,而延續到現在的存在或動作的發生。
1. He has been dead for several years. 他已經過世好幾年了。
→ Cannot use: He has died for several years. die 這個動作不可能持續數年!
2. It has rained for several days. 已經連續下好幾天雨。
3. How long have you been with Mary? 你和瑪麗在一起多久了。
上面的表示都是事情持續到現在,到目前為止...
2. 表現在剛完成的動作
(just, already, yet)用以顯明表達之意。
1. I have already done my homework. 我已經完成我的作業了。
2. He has gone to China. 他已經去中國了。
already 用在疑問及肯定句中
Have you finished your homework already? 你已經完成你的作業了嗎?
yet 用在疑問及否定句中
Have you finished your homework yet?
I haven't finished my homework yet. 我尚未完成我的作業。
still 用在否定句中 表不滿意
I still haven't finished my homework. 我仍然未完成我的作業。
just 常出現在肯定句中 表剛完成的事。
I have just finished my homework. 我剛完成我的作業。
3. 表經驗
(never←否定,ever←疑問)
1. Have you ever been to America? 你曾經去過美國嗎?
2. I have never drunk sour milk. 我從未喝過酸牛奶。
3. I have told you several times. 我已經告訴你好幾次了。
*在表時間或表條件的副詞子句中,可用現在完成式代替未來完成式。
e.g. When you have read that book, you'll know all the answers.
arrive, become, come, change, fall, grow, rise, set, sink 等字 be p.p.= have p.p.
1. The sun is set. 太陽落下了 。
2. Winter has come. 冬天已經來了。
在完成式裡要表示從何時起用 since
表示時間的長短用 for
1. I have lived here for ten years. 我住在這已有十年了 。
2. I have lived here since he was a child. 自從他是小孩時我就住在這了 。
Past Perfect Tense 過去完成式
S + had+ p.p. ... before S Ved
S+ Ved ... after S had p.p.
S had p.p. when S + Ved
1. 過去完成式是用在兩個過去發生的動作有先後順序時,
先發生用過去完成式,後發生用過去簡單式
* before, after 所引導之副詞子句 通常可用 Simple past tense
1. The thief had run away when the police arrived.
(當警察到時 竊賊已逃之夭夭。)
比較: The thief ran away when the police arrived.
(當警察到時 竊賊才剛要逃跑 或才剛跑不久)
2. We cleaned up as soon as our guests had left. 客人一離開後 我們就開始清掃。
(客人先走:過去完成式 我們才打掃:過去式)
* 有時候為了簡潔 會用過去式來代替過去完成式
After I finished my homework, I went out for a walk.在我做完功課之後
我外出散步。(有了 after,動作的先後順序就不會混淆不清)
* 不過要看句子的意思 並非每個句子都能如此表示 如:
The thief had run away when the police arrived.當警察到達時,竊賊已經逃
之夭夭
The thief ran away when the police arrived.竊賊在警察來到時逃跑了
這兩句意思不相同
2. 表到過去某時為止的動作或狀況
By September, the professor had said "No" about two hundred times.
到九月份為止(現在不是九月份) 那個教授已經說了大約兩百次的「 不」。
Future Perfect Tense 未來完成式
will have + p.p.
1. 表示未來某一點時間的之前完成的動作
By next Monday, he will have stayed with me for a week. 到了下星期一 他陪我
將滿一個禮拜。
I will have retired by the year 2020. 我在 2000 年將已經退休。
2. When (By the time) S+ V, S + F.P.T(未來完成式)
表示到未來某時已存在的繼續
When Mr. Lee resigns next month, he will have worked in the company for 20
years.
當李先生下個月請辭時 他在這家公司工作將滿二十年。
表示某事繼續到未來為止
We 'll have lived here for ten years by the end of this month. 這個月底我們住這
將滿十年。
Present Perfect Progressive Tense 現在完成進行式
S+ have/has been Ving
1. 強調動作的持續進行,所描述的事有很明顯的動作持續性
1. He has been sleeping all morning.
~ 他已經睡了整個早上 。
2. It has been raining all day. 已經下整天的雨。
3. She has been typing letters all day. 她已經打了整天的信。
動作是否會繼續進行則要看前後文而定。
只是強調到目前為止的持續性動作。
2. 描述動作未完成 且進行中
1. He has been painting the wall. (刷牆未完成 進行中)
比較: He has painted the wall. (刷牆已完成)
Past Perfect Progressive Tense 過去完成進行式
had been Ving
用法與現在完成進行式類似 只是時間點在過去。
I had been practicing the piano for two hours before he visited me.
他來訪時,我已經練了兩個小時的鋼琴。(鋼琴前面要記得加 the)
Future Present Progressive Tense 未來完成進行式
shall have been Ving
will have been Ving
一般較少用,用法與現在完成進行式類似 只是時間點在未來。
It will have been raining for a week by next Wednesday.
到下星期三時雨將下滿一週。